Quartz Crystal Windup Wall Clock
#quartz crystal
#oscillator
#pendulum
#clock
#electromagnet
#timekeeping
#precision
#DIY
#regulation
Description: Last year, I found a 31 day pendulum wall clock (disassembled) in a box of parts at a swap meet and decided to try and put it together and regulate it with a quartz crystal oscillator. The escapement part that rocks back and forth and drives the pendulum was missing and had to be made from a couple of razor blade pieces and heavy copper wire. The razor blade escapement worked well but only allowed the movement to advance as the pendulum swung, and would not sustain the pendulum motion by itself. But this wasn't a problem since the quartz crystal divider circuit provides energy to the pendulum with an electromagnet to keep it swinging with only a 5 second error per day. More: The 31 day mainspring was included, but I wanted to use a weight and drive wheel in place of the spring.
The clock movement is made in Korea by "Sau Jin LTD" "Dae Woo CO LTD" and has no jewels. It measures 4.5 inches in diameter by 1.5 inches deep plus 1.5 inches for the hands and drive wheel shafts, so the clock face and hands are about 3 inches from the wall. The pendulum period is close to 53.4 complete swings per minute. Can't figure out why that particular period was used. I have seen similar movements on eBay.
The clock pendulum was made using a 10 inch, 3/16" wooden dowel with a strong magnet attached to the bottom and a small weight near the top to adjust the period close to 53 beats per minute. The circuit board and electromagnet to drive the pendulum are located on a small shelf (not shown) and positioned so the pendulum magnet swings close to the stationary electromagnet and receives a small pulse on each swing to sustain oscillation. The pulse duration is about 5% of the pendulum period, and an LED is used to indicate the pulse output. The clock starts fairly easily by releasing the pendulum near the magnet when the LED flash is observed.
Quartz Crystal Synchronizing Circuit:
The synchronizing circuit that produces a short magnetic pulse to keep the pendulum in near perfect time was made using a crystal oscillator and binary counters to generate a 60mS pulse at the required rate of 53.4241 PPM. The exact rate was not known but appeared to be close to 53.5 cycles per minute by adjusting the pendulum length and monitoring the error over a several-hour period. The oscillator circuit uses an old 20KHz quartz crystal, but other low-frequency crystals can be used. A standard watch crystal of 32.768 KHz is probably the best and easy to obtain. The idea is to allow the counters to count to the desired number and then reset the counters, generate the desired pulse, and repeat the cycle. In this case, a time of 60/53.4241, or 1.1231 seconds, was needed. At a frequency of 20KHz, this corresponds to about 20000 * 1.1231 or 22462. To detect this number, a multiple input NAND gate (CD4068) is used with inputs connected to the appropriate counter stages. Each counter stage has a value of twice the one before (divide by 2), so the values are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and so forth. The selected counter stages that add up to 22462 are:
- Stage 3 (Q3, pin 6) of the second counter with a value of 16384
- Stage 1 (Q1, pin 9) of the second counter with a value of 4096
- Stage 11 (Q11, pin 15) of the first counter with a value of 1024
- Stage 10 (Q10, pin 14) of the first counter with a value of 512
- Stage 9 (Q9, pin 12) of the first counter with a value of 256
- Stage 8 (Q8, pin 13) of the first counter with a value of 128
- Stage 7 (Q7, pin 4) of the first counter with a value of 64
Total = 22464
The error is about 2 counts out of 20,000 or approximately 4 seconds per day. Further adjustment can be made by fine-tuning the oscillator frequency by adjusting the value of the 1000pF capacitor at pin 1 of the inverter.
The overall design of the circuit includes a power supply suitable for the oscillator and counter ICs, typically a regulated 5V supply, which can be derived from a standard wall adapter or battery source. The oscillator circuit should be configured to ensure stability and low drift, which is critical for timekeeping applications. The output from the oscillator feeds into the binary counters, which are configured in a cascading manner to achieve the necessary division ratio. The NAND gate is employed to combine the outputs from the selected counter stages to generate the precise pulse required to drive the electromagnet, ensuring that the pendulum is kept in motion with minimal deviation from the desired timing.
The electromagnet's placement and the pendulum's magnet must be optimized for effective coupling, ensuring that the magnetic pulse is strong enough to sustain the pendulum's motion without causing excessive damping. The clock's mechanical components should also be inspected and maintained to prevent any mechanical errors from affecting the timekeeping accuracy.Last year, I found a 31 day pendulum wall clock (dissambled) in a box of parts at a swap meet and decided to try and put it together and regulate it with a quartz crystal oscillator. The escapement part that rocks back and forth and drives the pendulum was missing and had to be made from a couple razor blade pieces and heavy copper wire.
The razor blade escapement worked well but only allowed the movement to advance as the pendulum swung, and would not sustain the pendulum motion by itself. But this wasn't a problem since the quartz crystal divider circuit provides energy to the pendulum with an electromagnet to keep it swinging with only a 5 second error per day.
The 31 day mainspring was included, but I wanted to use a weight and drive wheel in place of the spring. The clock movement is made in Korea by "Sau Jin LTD" "Dae Woo CO LTD" and has no jewels. It measures 4.5 inches diameter by 1.5 inches deep plus 1.5 inches for the hands and drive wheel shafts, so the clock face and hands are about 3 inches from the wall.
The pendulum period is close to 53.4 complete swings per minute. Can't figure out why that particular period was used. I have seen similar movements on ebay. The clock pendulum was made using a 10 inch, 3/16" wooden dowel with a strong magnet attached to the bottom and a small weight near the top to adjust the period close to 53 beats per minute. The circuit board and electromagnet to drive the pendulum are located on a small shelf (not shown) and positioned so the pendulum magnet swings close to the stationary electromagnet and receives a small pulse on each swing to sustain oscillation.
The pulse duration is about 5% of the pendulum period and a LED is used to indicate the pulse output. The clock starts fairly easily by releasing the pendulum near the magnet when the LED flash is observed.
Quartz Crystal Synchronizing Circuit: The synchronizing circuit that produces a short magnetic pulse to keep the pendulum in near perfect time was made using a crystal oscillator and binary counters to generate a 60mS pulse at the required rate of 53.4241 PPM. I didn't know the exact rate, but it appeared to be close to 53.5 cycles per minute by just adjusting the pendulum length and monitoring the error over a several hour period.
The oscillator circuit uses an old 20KHz quartz crystal, but other low frequency crystals can be used. A standard watch crystal of 32.768 KHz is probably the best and easy to obtain. The idea is allow the counters to count to the desired number and then reset the counters, generate the desired pulse, and repeat the cycle.
In this case, I needed a time of 60/53.4241, or 1.1231 seconds. At a frequency of 20KHz, this is about 20000 * 1.1231 or 22462. To detect this number, a multiple input NAND gate (CD4068) is used with inputs connected to the appropriate counter stages. Each counter stage has a value of twice the one before (divide by 2), so the values are 1,2,4,8,16,32 and so forth.
So the problem was to select the counter stages that add up to 22462, which works out to: Stage 3 (Q3, pin 6) of the second counter with a value of 16384 Stage 1 (Q1, pin 9) of the second counter with a value of 4096 Stage 11 (Q11, pin 15) of the first counter with a value of 1024 Stage 10 (Q10, pin 14) of the first counter with a value of 512 Stage 9 (Q9, pin 12) of the first counter with a value of 256 Stage 8 (Q8, pin 13) of the first counter with a value of 128 Stage 7 (Q7, pin 4) of the first counter with a value of 64 Total = 22464 So, the error is about 2 counts out of 20,000 or maybe 4 seconds per day. Further adjustment can be made by fine tuning the oscillator frequency by adjusting the value of the 1000pF cap at pin 1 of the inverter.
The clock movement is made in Korea by "Sau Jin LTD" "Dae Woo CO LTD" and has no jewels. It measures 4.5 inches in diameter by 1.5 inches deep plus 1.5 inches for the hands and drive wheel shafts, so the clock face and hands are about 3 inches from the wall. The pendulum period is close to 53.4 complete swings per minute. Can't figure out why that particular period was used. I have seen similar movements on eBay.
The clock pendulum was made using a 10 inch, 3/16" wooden dowel with a strong magnet attached to the bottom and a small weight near the top to adjust the period close to 53 beats per minute. The circuit board and electromagnet to drive the pendulum are located on a small shelf (not shown) and positioned so the pendulum magnet swings close to the stationary electromagnet and receives a small pulse on each swing to sustain oscillation. The pulse duration is about 5% of the pendulum period, and an LED is used to indicate the pulse output. The clock starts fairly easily by releasing the pendulum near the magnet when the LED flash is observed.
Quartz Crystal Synchronizing Circuit:
The synchronizing circuit that produces a short magnetic pulse to keep the pendulum in near perfect time was made using a crystal oscillator and binary counters to generate a 60mS pulse at the required rate of 53.4241 PPM. The exact rate was not known but appeared to be close to 53.5 cycles per minute by adjusting the pendulum length and monitoring the error over a several-hour period. The oscillator circuit uses an old 20KHz quartz crystal, but other low-frequency crystals can be used. A standard watch crystal of 32.768 KHz is probably the best and easy to obtain. The idea is to allow the counters to count to the desired number and then reset the counters, generate the desired pulse, and repeat the cycle. In this case, a time of 60/53.4241, or 1.1231 seconds, was needed. At a frequency of 20KHz, this corresponds to about 20000 * 1.1231 or 22462. To detect this number, a multiple input NAND gate (CD4068) is used with inputs connected to the appropriate counter stages. Each counter stage has a value of twice the one before (divide by 2), so the values are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and so forth. The selected counter stages that add up to 22462 are:
- Stage 3 (Q3, pin 6) of the second counter with a value of 16384
- Stage 1 (Q1, pin 9) of the second counter with a value of 4096
- Stage 11 (Q11, pin 15) of the first counter with a value of 1024
- Stage 10 (Q10, pin 14) of the first counter with a value of 512
- Stage 9 (Q9, pin 12) of the first counter with a value of 256
- Stage 8 (Q8, pin 13) of the first counter with a value of 128
- Stage 7 (Q7, pin 4) of the first counter with a value of 64
Total = 22464
The error is about 2 counts out of 20,000 or approximately 4 seconds per day. Further adjustment can be made by fine-tuning the oscillator frequency by adjusting the value of the 1000pF capacitor at pin 1 of the inverter.
The overall design of the circuit includes a power supply suitable for the oscillator and counter ICs, typically a regulated 5V supply, which can be derived from a standard wall adapter or battery source. The oscillator circuit should be configured to ensure stability and low drift, which is critical for timekeeping applications. The output from the oscillator feeds into the binary counters, which are configured in a cascading manner to achieve the necessary division ratio. The NAND gate is employed to combine the outputs from the selected counter stages to generate the precise pulse required to drive the electromagnet, ensuring that the pendulum is kept in motion with minimal deviation from the desired timing.
The electromagnet's placement and the pendulum's magnet must be optimized for effective coupling, ensuring that the magnetic pulse is strong enough to sustain the pendulum's motion without causing excessive damping. The clock's mechanical components should also be inspected and maintained to prevent any mechanical errors from affecting the timekeeping accuracy.Last year, I found a 31 day pendulum wall clock (dissambled) in a box of parts at a swap meet and decided to try and put it together and regulate it with a quartz crystal oscillator. The escapement part that rocks back and forth and drives the pendulum was missing and had to be made from a couple razor blade pieces and heavy copper wire.
The razor blade escapement worked well but only allowed the movement to advance as the pendulum swung, and would not sustain the pendulum motion by itself. But this wasn't a problem since the quartz crystal divider circuit provides energy to the pendulum with an electromagnet to keep it swinging with only a 5 second error per day.
The 31 day mainspring was included, but I wanted to use a weight and drive wheel in place of the spring. The clock movement is made in Korea by "Sau Jin LTD" "Dae Woo CO LTD" and has no jewels. It measures 4.5 inches diameter by 1.5 inches deep plus 1.5 inches for the hands and drive wheel shafts, so the clock face and hands are about 3 inches from the wall.
The pendulum period is close to 53.4 complete swings per minute. Can't figure out why that particular period was used. I have seen similar movements on ebay. The clock pendulum was made using a 10 inch, 3/16" wooden dowel with a strong magnet attached to the bottom and a small weight near the top to adjust the period close to 53 beats per minute. The circuit board and electromagnet to drive the pendulum are located on a small shelf (not shown) and positioned so the pendulum magnet swings close to the stationary electromagnet and receives a small pulse on each swing to sustain oscillation.
The pulse duration is about 5% of the pendulum period and a LED is used to indicate the pulse output. The clock starts fairly easily by releasing the pendulum near the magnet when the LED flash is observed.
Quartz Crystal Synchronizing Circuit: The synchronizing circuit that produces a short magnetic pulse to keep the pendulum in near perfect time was made using a crystal oscillator and binary counters to generate a 60mS pulse at the required rate of 53.4241 PPM. I didn't know the exact rate, but it appeared to be close to 53.5 cycles per minute by just adjusting the pendulum length and monitoring the error over a several hour period.
The oscillator circuit uses an old 20KHz quartz crystal, but other low frequency crystals can be used. A standard watch crystal of 32.768 KHz is probably the best and easy to obtain. The idea is allow the counters to count to the desired number and then reset the counters, generate the desired pulse, and repeat the cycle.
In this case, I needed a time of 60/53.4241, or 1.1231 seconds. At a frequency of 20KHz, this is about 20000 * 1.1231 or 22462. To detect this number, a multiple input NAND gate (CD4068) is used with inputs connected to the appropriate counter stages. Each counter stage has a value of twice the one before (divide by 2), so the values are 1,2,4,8,16,32 and so forth.
So the problem was to select the counter stages that add up to 22462, which works out to: Stage 3 (Q3, pin 6) of the second counter with a value of 16384 Stage 1 (Q1, pin 9) of the second counter with a value of 4096 Stage 11 (Q11, pin 15) of the first counter with a value of 1024 Stage 10 (Q10, pin 14) of the first counter with a value of 512 Stage 9 (Q9, pin 12) of the first counter with a value of 256 Stage 8 (Q8, pin 13) of the first counter with a value of 128 Stage 7 (Q7, pin 4) of the first counter with a value of 64 Total = 22464 So, the error is about 2 counts out of 20,000 or maybe 4 seconds per day. Further adjustment can be made by fine tuning the oscillator frequency by adjusting the value of the 1000pF cap at pin 1 of the inverter.
Oscillator-clock-generator
This self-starting fixed-frequency oscillator circuit provides excellent frequency stability. R1 and C1 form the frequency-determining network, while R2 delivers the regenerative feedback. Diode D1 improves stability by compensating for the difference between VaH and VsurrLY. In applications where a precision...
Wide-range-oscillator
The gain control enables the oscillator to maintain a nearly constant output across its range. The circuit operates within a frequency range of 160 kHz to 12 MHz while producing a consistent amplitude.
The oscillator circuit described utilizes a gain control...
Precision-full-wave-rectifier
This circuit provides accurate full-wave rectification. The output impedance is low for both input polarities, and the errors are small at all signal levels. It is important to note that the output will not sink heavy currents, except for a...
Experimental Pendulum Clock
This design allows for the construction of an electromagnetically impulsed pendulum clock with a 1-second beat. The prototype features a pendulum rod measuring 115 cm in length, with a bob adjusted to achieve a 1-second beat. The pendulum is suspended...
Acousto-optic detector circuit to measure the crystal
The circuit consists of a capacitance three-point oscillator, an isolation level, a voltage doubler rectifier circuit, a stereo sound circuit, and a flash display circuit. It can detect the quality of a crystal; a good crystal will emit a "Didi"...
The Ecology of the Oscillator Transmitter
An oscillator-only transmitter appears to be the simplest way to access the radio airwaves; however, it presents several challenges as part of a transmitting and receiving station. The issue of finding an adequate crystal-controlled transmitter for newcomers wishing to operate...
Crystal-Oscillator Circuits
The frequency of a crystal-controlled oscillator is maintained with high precision through the use of a quartz crystal. The frequency is primarily determined by the dimensions of the crystal, particularly its thickness, while other circuit parameters have minimal impact. However,...
Precision Lf Oscillator Circuit
Using Rl, R7, and D1 to preset CI to one third of the supply voltage. This circuit avoids a longer first cycle period than subsequent cycles.
The circuit described involves the use of resistors Rl and R7 along with diode D1...
Electronic Drum Synthesizer
The circuit consists of two twin-T oscillators set below the oscillation threshold. To initiate oscillation, a touch on the Touch Pad is required. The schematic diagram illustrates the circuit, where different touch patterns on the pads can create a variety...