Battery Charging

Description: The LM7805 circuitry used in the Harbor Freight 42292 charger has been replaced with an LM317 variable voltage regulator. This change was likely made for cost reduction or to address supply issues. The original design included a variable resistor, allowing users to adjust the output voltage. The original schematic shows a transformer-based wall wart with diodes for rectification, utilizing an LM317 and a resistor array to limit voltage range, along with a transistor for current regulation. The new design incorporates a diode in series with the output to prevent reverse connection issues, while different resistor values were chosen based on availability. The schematic features a 19 VDC input from the wall wart, with a 1K, 25-turn potentiometer (VR1), a 1.2K resistor (R2), and a 180-ohm resistor (R3), providing an adjustable output range of approximately 9.6 to 16 volts. Calibration was performed to set the output at 13.4 volts, which maintained the battery voltage at 13.37 volts over time. The LM317 includes built-in overcurrent and overtemperature protection, ensuring safe operation. The wall wart and other components were repurposed from the original charger, resulting in cost savings. The chosen float voltage of 13.4 V minimizes water loss in lead-acid batteries, and the setup has proven effective for charging. The wall wart can supply up to 1 amp, making it a versatile power supply for various applications. Future purchases of similar wall warts are planned for additional projects, including voltage regulation for different transformer applications.

The modified circuit utilizes an LM317 voltage regulator, which is a popular choice for adjustable power supplies due to its simplicity and reliability. The input voltage of approximately 19 VDC is derived from a wall wart transformer, which is suitable for powering the LM317. The variable resistor (VR1) allows for fine-tuning the output voltage, which is critical for applications such as battery charging where precise voltage levels are necessary to prevent overcharging and ensure battery longevity.

The resistor values in the circuit have been tailored to achieve a specific output voltage range. The 1.2K and 180-ohm resistors set the voltage divider ratio, while the 1K potentiometer offers a means for users to adjust the output voltage according to their needs. This flexibility is particularly useful for charging different types of lead-acid batteries, which may require different charging voltages.

The inclusion of a diode in series with the output is an important safety feature, protecting against reverse polarity connections that could damage the circuit or the battery. The LM317's inherent protections against overcurrent and overheating contribute to a robust design, allowing it to handle fluctuations in load without failure.

The performance of the circuit has been validated through practical use, with the output voltage stabilizing at 13.37 volts during battery maintenance. This careful calibration ensures that the battery remains in optimal condition without the risk of excessive electrolyte evaporation, which can occur at higher voltages.

Overall, this design not only enhances the functionality of the original charger but also provides a cost-effective solution for maintaining lead-acid batteries. The ability to utilize common components and repurpose existing hardware further emphasizes the practicality of this approach, making it an attractive option for electronics enthusiasts and professionals alike. The potential for expanding this design to accommodate other voltage requirements showcases the versatility of the LM317 as a voltage regulation component in various electronic applications.I finally gave up on the LM7805 circuitry that comes with these devices. The Harbor Freight 42292 charger used to be controlled by a LM317 variable voltage regulator a long time ago. They probably changed the regulator at some point to lower cost or overcome a supply problem. However, it originally was a much better device; it even had a variable resistor in it to allow the end user to tweak it a bit to fit his purposes. I got a clue on this during my searches to get ideas on what to do. Here is the link to a schematic of the original device ( link ). Notice how different it is from the current circuitry Just so I have a picture to talk about, here is the schematic from that site: Back in those days, the wall wart was just a transformer so the diodes to rectify the supply were in the little black box. IC1 is a LM317 and notice how they set up the resistor array to limit the range of available voltage and have a transistor to limit current Nice design that you can find all over the web.

I still have a diode in series with the output to prevent problems with reversing the connection to the lead acid battery and used different values for all the resistors than the original had. The reason I changed the values was purely practical; it`s what I had on hand. Notice that the parts count is a grand total of five So, why doesn`t the manufacturer do something like this I don`t have a clue.

So, my schematic looks more like this: The input on the left is the wall wart`s 19 VDC (apx) output; VR1 is a 1K, 25 turn potentiometer I picked up on eBay; R2 is 1. 2K; and R3 is 180 ohms. This gives the charger a range of about 9. 6 to 16 or so volts. To calibrate it, I put a 1K resistor across the output, set it for 13. 4 volts and then took the resistor off. When I hooked it to the battery, it floated the battery up to 13. 37 volts over an hour or so and just held it there. I rely on the LM317 to take care of itself. It has over current and over temperature protection built in and regulates the voltage quite nicely. If I discharge the lead acid battery by pulling a lot of current such that the voltage drops down to 12.

4 or so, the IC will get hot, but not dangerously so. Then over time, it charges the battery back up to the 13. 4 volt level and just holds it there. So, since I`m only using the wall wart, plastic enclosure, and heat sink of the original device, did I save any money Yes. The wall wart alone is worth the price I paid for the original charger and the rest of it serves as a platform for the charger I ended up with.

So far, I`ve converted three of these devices to the new design and they are chugging away keeping batteries charged. I chose 13. 4 V as the float point based on experience and a suggestion from a helpful person on the Arduino forum; this seems to be the best point to hold the battery without losing water to the charge current.

I haven`t had to add any water to any of the batteries yet. Over time, I`ll know if I need to make adjustments to this, but at least now I can. Thinking about this a bit, it brings up an interesting point. This wall wart can supply an amp easily and the output seems to be very good, that means I have just made a variable voltage 1 A supply that can serve various general purpose uses around the house. The next time they have these on sale with a 20% off coupon I may pick up a bunch of them and stockpile them for later use.

Heck, since the LM317 can work as long as the difference from voltage in to voltage out isn`t more than 40 V, I could use it to control the voltage from a 24 VAC transformer like I needed way back in the thermostat project. I needed 5 VDC from a rectified 37 VDC taken from an air conditioner power supply; this would have saved me about $20 in power supply cost.